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by Chrysostom Koutloumousianos, Hieromonk
The recent reappearance of the ancient terror
of a pandemic has prompted fertile conversation among theologians and literary
people across the world.
Various opinions have been articulated, such as that
disease can be transmitted through the current way of distributing holy
communion, or that the Eucharistic Gifts themselves can be bearers and
transmitters of pathogenic germs. It is said that since the bread and the wine
do not alter their essence and essential properties, it follows that they are
subject to decay and can also spread toxic viruses. This idea has supposedly
found Christological grounds as well in that the human body of Christ is a
carrier of germs which can be harmful to us, though not to Him; after all,
germs themselves are not bad, since there is nothing bad in creation.
Within this framework the following evidence
drawn from the writings of the Fathers might be relevant and useful.
Undoubtedly, there is nothing bad in creation.
No form of life, nor even natural destruction can be considered as bad, because
evil is only that which alienates us from God. However, one should also
consider the products of personal sin, such as, for example, a dangerous
laboratory hybrid, as well as the effects of the ancestral Fall, namely decay
and death, to which the human being has been submitted. Now, God's incarnation
manifests something entirely new in the world.
Let us open a short parenthesis to delineate
the Orthodox belief regarding the Eucharistic elements. Do we hold that they
are merely a representation of the Lord's presence in the congregation, as is
the general understanding in Protestantism? In this case, the holy bread could
be offered in sterilized bags and the holy wine in certified sealed bottles.
If, on the other hand, in accord with the Roman Catholic doctrine of
transubstantiation, the holy gifts are Christ with respect to their essence,
then either we must commit ourselves to worshipping the gifts or fall into
unbelief when thinking they can be corrupted.
The Greek Fathers speak neither of transubstantiation
nor symbolic function but of the 'change' of the material elements. This
'change' signifies a new mode of being, inaugurated through the appearance of
God in the flesh. Here we must consider the patristic distinction between the logos of nature and the mode of existence, a distinction which
is useful for an Orthodox approach to the mystery of Christ.
The Fathers use this distinction as a tool for
explaining God's miracles in history. When God intervenes to perform a wondrous
act, He does not alter the nature of things — that is, their logos or
principle; instead He innovates the manner in which their nature operates, so
as to fulfill the divine economy. The innovated mode means nature operating
beyond its own ordinance, beyond its limits, translating the human being
"into another form of life", as for instance when Noah remained
unharmed amid wild animals and holy men would walk upon the waters.
The Incarnation was the climax of all divine
interventions. The incomprehensible mystery that took place in the Logos
Incarnate was the indissoluble union of divine and human nature. Such union
meant the exchange of the natural properties in Christ, in the same way that a
blade becomes fire when thrown into fire while at the same time fire acquires a
sharp edge. Human nature remains intact while its mode of existence is altered.
This is why Christ was born both in a divine and a human way, that is, carried
by a woman, yet without labour pains and corruption. He was not subjugated to
nature; instead, elevating it to Himself, He made nature "a transcendental
mystery" Christ's human nature operates in a divine mode, and it operates
in a divine mode because it carries the fullness of divine activity.(1)
This same reality and understanding can be
applied to the Eucharistic mystery. Here also an alteration of the material
elements takes place. Neither is their logos or essence changed, nor their
natural properties, but their condition and conduct, that is, their mode of
being. Just as in Christ everything human has a transcendental mode, since
human nature in Him has the fullness of divinity, so the Eucharistic Gifts
receive and transmit to its participants the same theandric activity of Christ.
We partake, therefore, not of something that is subject to decay and
deterioration, but of God Himself, through matter that has become life-giving,
as the very flesh of Christ is life-giving.
Clearly, authentic communion has to do not
only with the presence of Christ in bread and wine but also with His presence
within us. Union and assimilation with God is not accomplished without the good
resolve (prohairesis) and synergy of man, nor is it exclusively fulfilled in
the Eucharist.(2) We need to follow and wholeheartedly imitate Christ freely
and be born in the Spirit. Divine activity operates in various inscrutable ways
according to the measure of each one's faith and longing.
Thus, when Christ is offered as bread, He does
not alter the nature of bread but its 'economy'. Christ's human nature was
passible, yet, one with the Divinity, and for this reason it could not be
seized and possessed by death. And as His body was dead and risen, since it was
never detached from Divinity, similarly, when we receive this body we foretaste
the resurrection. Just as Christ suffers as a human being, yet acts as God, in
the same way the consecrated elements, though subject to 'suffering' and
corruption, act upon us as uncreated divinity. As St Cyril of Alexandria says,
The body of Christ is holy and has the power to vanquish every
illness. It was and is holy, not merely as flesh with its natural powers, but
as the temple of the indwelling divine Logos, who sanctifies His flesh with His
Spirit. This is why Christ vivifies the daughter of the leader of the synagogue
not only through His omnipotent command but also with His bodily touch. (Αναστασίου, Doctrina Patrum,
σ. 129, 131-32)
Therefore, to those that receive communion
with faith and true repentance the Lord's body becomes a ‘safeguard’, ‘for
strength, healing and health of soul and body’, maintenance and deification of
human nature.(3)
The consecrated elements operate as the
deified body of Jesus. Through matter God grants life uncorrupted. And although
immortality is an eschatological condition, and we shall all, sooner or later,
cross to the other side of the bank, yet ‘doses’ of incorruption are given in
this mortal life according to the measure of each one's faith, longing, godly
fear and love.
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(1) See Maximus the Confessor, PG 91.298-300,
344, 1048-1056, 1273-1276, 1341-1345.
(2) See Chrysostom
Koutloumousianos, The One and the Three:
Nature, Person and Triadic Monarchy in the Greek and Irish Patristic Tradition,
James Clarke, Cambridge 2015, pp. 119-22, 132-34, 150-53.
(3) John of Damascus, Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, 87. Also see Prayer before the Holy Communion, and Gregory of Nyssa, Catechetical Oration, 37.
