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by Rev. Dr. Vaseilios Thermos
The academic literature connecting religious fundamentalism and
psychosis is extensive. In my experience as both a clinical psychiatrist
and priest, I believe that we see this illness both individually and
collectively within the Orthodox Church. Fortunately, the solution to
this spiritual illness lies in the very proclamation of the incarnation.
Paradoxically, although religious fundamentalism is a fanatical
opponent of the discipline of psychology, it actually is a form of
psychologism. It assesses through habit, not through truth. For
fundamentalism, it is “familiar identity” that is at risk. Fearful of
the complexity of the modern world (which has already evolved to the
chaos of the postmodern one), it resorts to oversimplified solutions,
because it cannot tolerate doubt, perplexity, or coexistence. In other
words, fundamentalism “freezes” certain created and external elements of
the tradition, which it believes to contain the truth of God. In doing
so, fundamentalism immobilizes history, unaware that by doing so it
enacts the very sin it claims to fight.
Religious fundamentalism was born as a reaction to secularism;
therefore, secularism and fundamentalism are mirroring phenomena that
cannot be separated. The former yields to the fascination of the
secular, the latter fights against the secular in panic and hatred. Both
have elevated the secular to the status of an obsession, in opposite ways. Therefore, neither is free. They resemble to each other; that’s why they are rivals.
Psychologically, fundamentalist violence (whether physical, emotional or spiritual) indicates insecurity. The fundamentalist is insecure in his faith, and sometimes split as for his desire. Freedom and joy in others can trigger anxiety, leading to envy and then hatred. In short, the fundamentalist is animated by fear rather than by love. Aggression becomes a critical issue of survival, not a manifestation of bravery.[1] Therefore, the noblest elements of his faith have not been adequately internalized.
Consequently, the deep raw psychic aggressiveness seeks
legitimization by claiming to defend “tradition,” a defense that does
not stem from confidence but from fear. This is a fear that can evolve
to a real paranoia, namely a morbid suspicion against non-existent
enemies. We understand that the motivation for a defense of tradition is
much more secular than the fundamentalist can imagine.
Fundamentalism is unable to interpret the holy texts because it
approaches them like fossils, disconnecting them from the context that
gave birth to them. Its concrete discourse lacks the capacity for metaphor,
which is an indispensable means for interpretation. From a
psychoanalytic perspective, fundamentalism (as a collective, not as an
individual diagnosis) functions in the Church like psychosis. It is in psychosis that discourse is concrete, lacking the metaphorical function.[2]
Among the most important aspects of metaphor are translation and
contextual theology; this is why fundamentalism fights against both
translating the liturgical texts into the common language, as well as
interpreting theological tradition in context.
The other way in which fundamentalism converges with psychosis is paranoia,
namely a fear that annuls any dialogue and reception. Usually, this
fear is either disproportionate to the threat or an imaginary one in
front of a non-existent threat. Actually, it is the inner aggressiveness
that is projected under a Christian disguise, when the raw destructive forces of the psyche motivate a fight against the perceived enemy.[3] Therefore, the threat is perceived as coming from outside, while it is a projected aggressiveness.
Religious fundamentalism is both a symptom and a self-remedy: while
it makes the psychosis of the Church, it organizes its thought
structures in such a way as to reduce psychotic anxiety. Thus,
it functions simultaneously as both an ecclesiastical illness and a
defensive mechanism against this illness in order to prevent it from
becoming an individual diagnosis. In other words, a translocation from
the individual to the group occurs: the fundamentalist makes the Church sick so that he will not become psychotic!
Last but not least: to what degree is orthodox fundamentalism fed by
the extensive conservatism and the centuries-long institutionalism of
our Church? Does the ecclesiastical climate facilitate benign forms of
the fear of the world to mutate into the malignancy of fundamentalism?
In other words, do the endemic characteristics of the Orthodox Church
favor extremities instead of discouraging them? Professor Saroglou,
after counting a number of problematic mentalities and attitudes of our
ecclesiastical life (separatism, isolation, helleno-centrism, hostility
to the West, authoritarianism, legalism, mistrust), wonders about an
umbilical cord that may connect fundamentalism with the mainstream
orthodox life: “Is fundamentalism a stranger or a sibling of Orthodox
theology?”[4]
If our Church really wishes to decrease and disarm Orthodox
fundamentalism, she will need to educate her congregation about the ways
in which the Church historically opened itself to the world. Only then
we will extinguish the psychological and ideological fundamentalist
matrix. We know that things do not change quickly, but a clear strategy
which is open to changes, more flexible, with a vision wider than
nationalism, will bear fruits for sure. This developmental advance means
that our ecclesiastical life (worship, sermons, catechesis, guidance,
administration) will stop inducing defensive identities and, instead,
will embrace the very essence of Incarnation.
[1]James Davison Hunter, Fundamentalism in its global contours, “The fundamentalist phenomenon”, Norman Cohen (ed.), Eerdmans publ., 1990, p. 70.
[2]James Powell, Jerry Gladson, Roger Mayer,‘Psychotherapy with the fundamentalist client’.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1991, v. 19, n. 4, p. 344-353.
[3]Gerald Arbuckle,Refounding the Church, Orbis books, 1993, p. 53. James Davison Hunter,Fundamentalism in its global contours, “The fundamentalist phenomenon”, Norman Cohen (ed.), Eerdmans publ., 1990, p. 56-72.
[4]Vassilis Saroglou, ΟρθόδοξηΘεολογίακαιφονταμενταλισμός: αντίπαλοιήομόαιμοι; [Orthodox Theology and Fundamentalism: rivals or siblings?]. ΝέαΕυθύνη, 2013, n. 15, p. 93.
Rev. Dr. Vaseilios Thermos is a psychiatrist, professor, and priest of the Church of Greece.
A longer version of this essay was originally presented at an international conference on “Orthodoxy and Fundamentalism,” organized by the Volos Academy for Theological Studies on May 10-12, 2018 in Belgrade, Serbia.
Public Orthodoxy seeks to promote conversation by providing a forum for diverse perspectives on contemporary issues related to Orthodox Christianity. The positions expressed in this essay are solely the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of the editors or the Orthodox Christian Studies Center.
