Η ΚΑΘΟΛΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣ- ΤΗΕ CATHOLICITY OF THE CHURCH (ENCYCLICAL, PART 1)

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ΕΓΥΚΛΙΟΣ τῆς Ἁγίας και Μεγάλης Συνόδου τῆς Ὀρθοδόξου Ἐκκλησίας
(Κρήτη, 2016)

I. Ἡ Ἐκκλησία: Σῶμα Χριστοῦ, εἰκών τῆς Ἁγίας Τριάδος

I. The Church: Body of Christ, image of the Holy Trinity

1. Ἡ μία, ἁγία, καθολική καί ἀποστολική Ἐκκλησία εἶναι θεανθρωπίνη κοινωνία κατ’ εἰκόνα τῆς Ἁγίας Τριάδος, πρόγευσις καί βίωσις τῶν Ἐσχάτων ἐν τῇ θείᾳ Εὐχαριστίᾳ καί ἀποκάλυψις τῆς δόξης τῶν μελλόντων, καί ὡς διαρκής Πεντηκοστή, μία ἀσίγαστος προφητική φωνή ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, ἡ παρουσία καί μαρτυρία «τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐληλυθυΐας ἐν δυνάμει» (Μάρκ. θ’, 1). Ἡ Ἐκκλησία, ὡς σῶμα Χριστοῦ, «ἐπισυνάγει» (Ματθ. κγ´, 37) ἐπ’ Αὐτόν, μεταμορφώνει καί ἐμποτίζει τόν κόσμον μέ «τό ὕδωρ, τό ἁλλόμενον εἰς ζωήν αἰώνιον» (Ἰωάν. δ’, 14).

2. Ἡ ἀποστολική καί πατερική παράδοσις, στοιχοῦσα τοῖς συστατικοῖς λόγοις τοῦ Κυρίου καί ἱδρυτοῦ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας κατά τόν Μυστικόν Δεῖπνον μετά τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ διά τό μυστήριον τῆς θείας Εὐχαριστίας, προέβαλε τόν χαρακτηρισμόν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὡς «σώματος Χριστοῦ» (Ματθ. κστ´, 26· Μάρκ. ιδ´, 22· Λουκ. κβ´, 19· Α´Κορ. ι´, 16-17· ια´, 23-29) καί τόν συνέδεσε πάντοτε πρός τό μυστήριον τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ καί Λόγου τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καί Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου. Ὑπό τό πνεῦμα αὐτό, ἐτονίσθη πάντοτε ἡ ἄρρηκτος σχέσις τόσον τοῦ ὅλου μυστηρίου τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ θείας Οἰκονομίας πρός τό μυστήριον τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ὅσον καί τοῦ μυστηρίου τῆς Ἐκκλησίας πρός τό μυστήριον τῆς θείας Εὐχαριστίας, ἡ ὁποία βεβαιοῦται συνεχῶς εἰς τήν μυστηριακήν ζωήν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας διά τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος.

Ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Ἐκκλησία, πιστή εἰς τήν ὁμόφωνον ταύτην ἀποστολικήν παράδοσιν καί μυστηριακήν ἐμπειρίαν, ἀποτελεῖ τήν αὐθεντικήν συνέχειαν τῆς μιᾶς, ἁγίας, καθολικῆς καί ἀποστολικῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ὡς αὕτη ὁμολογεῖται εἰς τό Σύμβολον τῆς πίστεως καί βεβαιοῦται διά τῆς διδασκαλίας τῶν Πατέρων τῆς Ἐκκλησίας. Οὕτως, αἰσθάνεται μείζονα τήν εὐθύνην αὐτῆς ὄχι μόνον διά τήν αὐθεντικήν βίωσιν τῆς ἐμπειρίας αὐτῆς ὑπό τοῦ ἐκκλησιαστικοῦ σώματος, ἀλλά καί διά τήν ἀξιόπιστον μαρτυρίαν τῆς ἀληθείας πρός πάντας τούς ἀνθρώπους.

3. Ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Ἐκκλησία ἐν τῇ ἑνότητι καί καθολικότητι αὐτῆς, εἶναι ἡ Ἐκκλησία τῶν Συνόδων, ἀπό τήν Ἀποστολικήν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις σύνοδον (Πράξ. ιε´, 5-29) ἕως τῆς σήμερον. Ἡ Ἐκκλησία αὐτή καθ’ αὑτήν εἶναι Σύνοδος ὑπό τοῦ Χριστοῦ συνεστημένη καί ὑπό τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος καθοδηγουμένη, συμφώνως πρός τό ἀποστολικόν «ἔδοξε τῷ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι καί ἡμῖν » (Πράξ. ιε’, 28). Διά τῶν Οἰκουμενικῶν καί τῶν Τοπικῶν συνόδων, ἡ Ἐκκλησία εὐηγγελίσατο καί εὐαγγελίζεται τό μυστήριον τῆς Ἁγίας Τριάδος, τό ὁποῖον ἐφανερώθη διά τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ καί Λόγου τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τό συνοδικόν ἔργον συνεχίζεται ἐν τῇ ἱστορίᾳ ἀδιακόπως διά τῶν μεταγενεστέρων, καθολικοῦ κύρους, συνόδων – ὡς λ.χ. τῆς ἐπί Μεγάλου Φωτίου, Πατριάρχου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Μεγάλης συνόδου (879-880) καί τῶν ἐπί ἁγίου Γρηγορίου τοῦ Παλαμᾶ συγκληθεισῶν Μεγάλων συνόδων (1341, 1351, 1368), διά τῶν ὁποίων ἐβεβαιώθη ἡ αὐτή ἀλήθεια τῆς πίστεως, ἐξαιρέτως δέ περί τῆς ἐκπορεύσεως τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος καί περί τῆς μεθέξεως τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰς τάς ἀκτίστους θείας ἐνεργείας. Προσέτι δέ καί διά τῶν ἐν Κωσταντινουπόλει Ἁγίων καί Μεγάλων συνόδων τῶν ἐτῶν 1484 διά τήν ἀποκήρυξιν τῆς ἑνωτικῆς συνόδου τῆς Φλωρεντίας (1438-1439), τῶν ἐτῶν 1638, 1642, 1672 καί 1691 διά τήν ἀποκήρυξιν προτεσταντικῶν δοξασιῶν, ὡς καί τοῦ ἔτους 1872 διά τήν καταδίκην τοῦ ἐθνοφυλετισμοῦ ὡς ἐκκλησιολογικῆς αἱρέσεως.

4. Δέν νοεῖται ἁγιότης τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκτός τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, «ὅ ἐστιν ἡ Ἐκκλησία» (Ἐφεσ. α’, 23). Ἡ ἁγιότης πηγάζει ἀπό τόν μόνον Ἅγιον. Εἶναι μετοχή τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰς τήν ἁγιότητα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῇ «κοινωνίᾳ τῶν ἁγίων», ὡς διακηρύσσεται εἰς τήν ἐκφώνησιν τοῦ ἱερέως κατά τήν θείαν Λειτουργίαν: «Τά Ἅγια τοῖς ἁγίοις» καί εἰς τήν ἀπάντησιν τῶν πιστῶν «Εἷς Ἅγιος, εἷς Κύριος, Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρός. Ἀμήν». Ὑπό τό πνεῦμα αὐτό, ὁ ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας τονίζει ὅτι ὁ Χριστός, «ἅγιος πάλιν ὑπάρχων κατὰ φύσιν, ὡς Θεός, (…) ἁγιάζεται δι’ ἡμᾶς ἐν ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι (…). Ἔδρα δὲ τοῦτο (ὁ Χριστός) δι’ ἡμᾶς, οὐ δι’ ἑαυτόν, ἵνα ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ δή, πρώτῳ δεξαμένου τοῦ πράγματος (= ἁγιασμοῦ) τὴν ἀρχήν, εἰς ἅπαν οὕτω τὸ γένος ἡ τοῦ ἁγιάζεσθαι λοιπὸν διαβαίνοι χάρις» (Ὑπόμνημα εἰς τό κατά Ἰωάννην Εὐαγγέλιον, ΙΑ’. PG 74, 548).

Συνεπῶς, κατά τόν ἅγιον Κύριλλον, ὁ Χριστός εἶναι τό «κοινόν πρόσωπον» ἡμῶν, διά τῆς ἀνακεφαλαιώσεως εἰς τήν ἰδικήν του ἀνθρωπότητα ὁλοκλήρου τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους, «πάντες γάρ ἦμεν ἐν Χριστῷ, καί τό κοινόν τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος εἰς αὐτόν ἀναβιοῖ πρόσωπον» (Ὑπόμνημα εἰς τό κατά Ἰωάννην Εὐαγγέλιον, ΙΑ’. PG 73, 157-161), διό καί εἶναι ἡ μόνη πηγή τοῦ ἐν Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι ἁγιασμοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Ὑπό τό πνεῦμα αὐτό, ἡ ἁγιότης εἶναι μετοχή τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τόσον εἰς τό μυστήριον τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ὅσον καί εἰς τά ἱερά αὐτῆς μυστήρια, μέ ἐπίκεντρον τήν θείαν Εὐχαριστίαν, ἥτις ἐστί «θυσία ζῶσα, ἁγία, εὐάρεστος τῷ Θεῷ» (Ρωμ. ιβ’, 1). «Τίς ἡμᾶς χωρίσει ἀπό τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ Χριστοῦ; Θλῖψις ἤ στενοχωρία ἤ διωγμός ἤ λιμός ἤ γυμνότης ἤ κίνδυνος ἤ μάχαιρα; καθὼς γέγραπται ὅτι ἕνεκά σου θανατούμεθα ὅλην τήν ἡμέραν· ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς. Ἀλλ’ ἐν τούτοις πᾶσιν ὑπερνικῶμεν διά τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντος ἡμᾶς» (Ρωμ. η’, 35-37). Οἱ ἅγιοι ἐνσαρκώνουν τήν ἐσχατολογικήν ταυτότητα τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὡς ἀέναον δοξολογίαν ἐνώπιον τοῦ ἐπιγείου καί τοῦ ἐπουρανίου θρόνου «τοῦ Βασιλέως τῆς δόξης» (Ψαλμ. κγ’, 7), εἰκονίζοντες τήν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ.

5. Ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Καθολική Ἐκκλησία ἀποτελεῖται ἐκ δεκατεσσάρων κατά τόπους Αὐτοκεφάλων Ἐκκλησιῶν, πανορθοδόξως ἀνεγνωρισμένων. Ἡ ἀρχή τῆς αὐτοκεφαλίας δέν εἶναι δυνατόν νά λειτουργῇ εἰς βάρος τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς καθολικότητος καί τῆς ἑνότητος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας. Θεωροῦμεν λοιπόν ὅτι ἡ δημιουργία τῶν Ἐπισκοπικῶν Συνελεύσεων ἐν τῇ Ὀρθοδόξῳ Διασπορᾷ, ἀπαρτιζομένων ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐν ἑκάστῃ ἐκ τῶν ὁρισθεισῶν περιοχῶν ὡς κανονικῶν ἀναγνωριζομένων ἐπισκόπων, οἵτινες ἐξακολουθοῦν νά ὑπάγωνται εἰς τάς κανονικάς δικαιοδοσίας, εἰς ἅς ὑπάγονται σήμερον, ἀποτελεῖ ἕν θετικόν βῆμα πρός τήν κατεύθυνσιν τῆς κανονικῆς ὀργανώσεως αὐτῶν, ἡ δέ συνεπής λειτουργία αὐτῶν ἐγγυᾶται τόν σεβασμόν τῆς ἐκκλησιολογικῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς συνοδικότητος.

 

 

I. The Church: Body of Christ, image of the Holy Trinity

1. The one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church is a divine-human communion in the image of the Holy Trinity, a foretaste and experience of the eschaton in the holy Eucharist and a revelation of the glory of the things to come, and, as a continuing Pentecost, she is a prophetic voice in this world that cannot be silenced, the presence and witness of God’s Kingdom “that has come with power” (cf. Mark 9.1). The Church, as the body of Christ, “gathers” the world (Matt 23.37) to Him, transfigures it and irrigates it with “the water welling up to eternal life” (John 4.14).
2. The tradition of the Apostles and Fathers – following the  words of the Lord,the founder of the Church, who at the Last Supper with his disciples, instituted the sacrament of the holy Eucharist - highlighted the Church’s characteristic as the “body of Christ” (Matt 25, 26; Mark 14.22; Luke 22.19; 1 Cor 10.16-17; 11.23-29), and always connected this with the mystery of the Incarnation of the Son and Word of God from the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. In this spirit, emphasis was always placed on the indissoluble relation both between the entire mystery of the divine Economy in Christ and the mystery of the Church, and also between the mystery of the Church and the mystery of the holy Eucharist, which is continually confirmed in the sacramental life of the Church through the operation of the Holy Spirit.
The Orthodox Church, faithful to this unanimous apostolic tradition and sacramental experience, constitutes the authentic continuation of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church, as this is confessed in the Symbol of faith and is confirmed in the teaching of the Fathers of the Church. Thus, she is conscious of her greater responsibility not only to ensure the authentic expression of this experience in the ecclesial body, but also to offer a trustworthy witness to the truth to all humankind.
3. The Orthodox Church, in her unity and catholicity, is the Church of Councils, from the Apostolic Council in Jerusalem (Acts 15.5-29) to the present day. The Church in herself is a Council, established by Christ and guided by the Holy Spirit, in accord with the apostolic words: “It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us” (Acts 15.28). Through the Ecumenical and Local councils, the Church has proclaimed and continues to proclaim the mystery of the Holy Trinity, revealed through the incarnation of the Son and Word of God. The Conciliar work continues uninterrupted in history through the later councils of universal authority, such as, for example, the Great Council (879-880) convened at the time of St. Photios the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople, and also the Great Councils convened at the time of St. Gregory Palamas (1341, 1351, 1368), through which the same truth of faith was confirmed, most especially as concerns the procession of the Holy Spirit and as concerns the participation of human beings in the uncreated divine energies, and furthermore through the Holy and Great Councils convened in Constantinople, in 1484 to refute the unionist Council of Florence (1438-1439), in 1638, 1642, 1672 and 1691 to refute Protestant beliefs, and in 1872 to condemn ethno-phyletism as an ecclesiological heresy.
4. The holiness of man (anthropos) cannot be conceived apart from the Body of Christ, “which is the Church” (cf. Eph 1.23). Holiness proceeds from the One who alone is Holy. It is participation of mankind in the holiness of God, in “the communion of the Saints,” as is proclaimed by the words of the priest during the Divine Liturgy: “The Holy Gifts for the holy,” and through the response of the faithful: “One is Holy, one is Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father. Amen.” In this spirit, Saint Cyril of Alexandria underscores that Christ, “Being holy by nature as God (...) is sanctified on our behalf in the Holy Spirit (...) and (Christ) performed this on our behalf, not on his own behalf, so that from him and in him, who first received this sanctification, the grace of being sanctified may thus pass to all humanity ...” (Commentary on the Gospel of John, 11, PG 74, 548).
According to St. Cyril, Christ is our "common person" through the recapitulation in his own humanity of the entire human race, "for we were all in Christ, and the common person of humanity comes to life again in him" (Commentary on the Gospel of John, XI, PG 73. 157-161), and hence also he is the sole source of man's sanctification in the Holy Spirit. In this spirit, holiness is man’s participation both in the sacrament of the Church and also in her sacred mysteries, with the holy Eucharist at the center,  which is “a living sacrifice, holy, and pleasing to God” (cf. Rom 12.1). “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trouble or hardship or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword? As it is written: ‘For your sake we face death all day long; we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.’ But rather, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us” (Rom 8.35-37). The saints embody the eschatological identity of the Church as an eternal doxology before the earthly and heavenly Throne of the King of Glory (Ps 23.7), providing an image of the Kingdom of God.
5. The Orthodox Catholic Church comprises fourteen local Autocephalous Churches, recognized at a pan-Orthodox level. The principle of autocephaly cannot be allowed to operate at the expense of the principle of the catholicity and the unity of the Church. We therefore consider that the creation of the Episcopal Assemblies in the Orthodox Diaspora, comprising all the recognized canonical bishops, who in each area are appointed to their respective assembly, and who remain under their canonical jurisdictions, represents a positive step towards their canonical organization, and the smooth functioning of these assemblies guarantees respect for the ecclesiological principle of conciliarity.