Ελληνικά
English
русский
français
ΕΓΥΚΛΙΟΣ
τῆς Ἁγίας και Μεγάλης Συνόδου τῆς Ὀρθοδόξου Ἐκκλησίας
(Κρήτη, 2016)
(Κρήτη, 2016)
V. The Church in the face of contemporary challenges
V. Ἡ Ἐκκλησία ἐνώπιον τῶν συγχρόνων προκλήσεων
10. Ἡ Ἐκκλησία τοῦ Χριστοῦ εὑρίσκεται σήμερον
ἀντιμέτωπος ἀκραίων ἤ καί προκλητικῶν ἐκφράσεων τῆς ἰδεολογίας τῆς
ἐκκοσμικεύσεως, ἐνδιαθέτων εἰς τάς πολιτικάς, πολιτισμικάς καί
κοινωνικάς ἐξελίξεις. Βασικόν στοιχεῖον τῆς ἰδεολογίας τῆς
ἐκκοσμικεύσεως ὑπῆρξε πάντοτε καί παραμένει μέχρι σήμερον ἡ πλήρης
αὐτονόμησις τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀπό τόν Χριστόν καί ἀπό τήν πνευματικήν
ἐπιρροήν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, διά τῆς αὐθαιρέτου μάλιστα ταυτίσεως τῆς
Ἐκκλησίας πρός τόν συντηρητισμόν, ὡς ἐπίσης καί διά τοῦ ἀνιστορήτου
χαρακτηρισμοῦ αὐτῆς ὡς δῆθεν ἐμποδίου εἰς πᾶσαν πρόοδον καί ἐξέλιξιν.
Εἰς τάς ἐκκοσμικευμένας συγχρόνους κοινωνίας ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀποκεκομμένος
ἀπὸ τόν Θεόν, ταυτίζει τήν ἐλευθερίαν του καί τό νόημα τῆς ζωῆς του μέ
ἀπόλυτον αὐτονομίαν καί μέ ἀποδέσμευσιν ἀπό τόν αἰώνιον προορισμόν του,
μέ ἀποτέλεσμα σειράν παρανοήσεων καί σκοπίμων παρερμηνειῶν τῆς
χριστιανικῆς παραδόσεως. Οὕτως, ἡ ἄνωθεν χορήγησις τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ
ἐλευθερίας καί ἡ πρόοδος εἰς τό «μέτρον ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ
Χριστοῦ» (Ἐφεσ. δ´, 13) θεωρεῖται ὅτι ἀντιστρατεύεται τάς αὐτοσωτηρικάς
τάσεις τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Ἡ θυσιαστική ἀγάπη ἀξιολογεῖται ὡς ἀσύμβατος μέ τόν
ἀτομοκεντρισμόν, ἐνῶ ὁ ἀσκητικός χαρακτήρ τοῦ χριστιανικοῦ ἤθους
κρίνεται ὡς ἀφόρητος πρόκλησις διά τόν εὐδαιμονισμόν τοῦ ἀτόμου.
Ἡ ταύτισις τῆς Ἐκκλησίας μέ συντηρητισμόν, ἀσυμβίβαστον πρός τήν
προόδον τοῦ πολιτισμοῦ, εἶναι αὐθαίρετος καί καταχρηστική, ἐφ’ ὅσον ἡ
συνείδησις τῆς ταυτότητος τῶν χριστιανικῶν λαῶν φέρει ἀνεξίτηλον τήν
σφραγῖδα τῆς διαχρονικῆς συμβολῆς τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὄχι μόνον εἰς τήν
πολιτιστικήν κληρονομίαν αὐτῶν, ἀλλά καί εἰς τήν ὑγιᾶ ἀνάπτυξιν τοῦ
θύραθεν πολιτισμοῦ γενικώτερον, ἀφοῦ ὁ Θεός ἔθεσε τόν ἄνθρωπον οἰκονόμον
τῆς θείας δημιουργίας καί συνεργόν Αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ. Ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Ἐκκλησία, ἔναντι τοῦ συγχρόνου «ἀνθρωποθεοῦ», προβάλλει τόν «Θεάνθρωπον» ὡς ἔσχατον μέτρον τῶν πάντων: «Οὐκ ἄνθρωπον ἀποθεωθέντα λέγομεν, ἀλλὰ Θεόν ἐνανθρωπήσαντα» (Ἰωάννου Δαμασκηνοῦ, Ἔκδοσις ἀκριβής τῆς ὀρθοδόξου πίστεως,
Γ’, 2. PG 94, 988). Ἀναδεικνύει δέ τήν σωτηριώδη ἀλήθειαν τοῦ
Θεανθρώπου καί τό Σῶμά Του, τήν Ἐκκλησίαν, ὡς τόπον καί τρόπον τῆς ἐν
ἐλευθερίᾳ ζωῆς, ὡς «ἀληθεύειν ἐν ἀγάπῃ» (πρβλ. Ἐφεσ. δ’, 15) καί ὡς
μετοχήν, ἤδη ἐπί τῆς γῆς, εἰς τήν ζωήν τοῦ ἀναστάντος Χριστοῦ. Ὁ
θεανθρώπινος, «οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου» (Ἰωάν. ιη’, 36) χαρακτήρ τῆς
Ἐκκλησίας, ὁ ὁποῖος τρέφει καί κατευθύνει τήν «ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ» παρουσίαν
καί μαρτυρίαν αὐτῆς, εἶναι ἀσυμβίβαστος μέ κάθε μορφήν συσχηματισμοῦ τῆς
Ἐκκλησίας μέ τόν κόσμον (πρβλ. Ρωμ. ιβ’, 2).
11. Διά τῆς συγχρόνου ἀναπτύξεως τῶν ἐπιστημῶν καί τῆς τεχνολογίας, ἡ ζωή μας ἀλλάζει ριζικῶς.
Καί ὅ,τι ἐπιφέρει ἀλλαγήν εἰς τόν τρόπον ζωῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἀπαιτεῖ ἀπό
μέρους του διάκρισιν, ἐφ’ ὅσον, ἐκτός τῶν σημαντικῶν εὐεργεσιῶν, ὅπως
λ.χ. ἡ διευκόλυνσις τῆς καθημερινότητος, ἡ ἐπιτυχής ἀντιμετώπισις
σοβαρῶν ἀσθενειῶν καί ἡ ἔρευνα τοῦ διαστήματος, εἴμεθα ἐπίσης
ἀντιμέτωποι καί μέ τάς ἀρνητικάς ἐπιπτώσεις τῆς ἐπιστημονικῆς προόδου.
Ὑπάρχει ὁ κίνδυνος χειραγωγήσεως τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐλευθερίας, χρήσεως τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἁπλοῦ μέσου, σταδιακῆς ἀπωλείας πολυτίμων παραδόσεων,
ἀπειλῆς ἤ καί καταστροφῆς τοῦ φυσικοῦ περιβάλλοντος.
Ἡ ἐπιστήμη, ἀπό τήν ἰδίαν τήν φύσιν της, δέν διαθέτει δυστυχῶς τά
ἀναγκαῖα μέσα διά τήν πρόληψιν καί τήν θεραπείαν πολλῶν ἐκ τῶν
προβλημάτων, τά ὁποῖα προκαλεῖ ἀμέσως ἤ ἐμμέσως. Ἡ ἐπιστημονική γνῶσις δέν κινητοποιεῖ τήν ἠθικήν βούλησιν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου,
ὁ ὁποῖος, καίτοι γνωρίζει τούς κινδύνους, συνεχίζει νά δρᾷ ὡς ἐάν δέν
ἐγνώριζεν. Ἡ ἀπάντησις εἰς τά σοβαρά ὑπαρξιακά καί ἠθικά προβλήματα τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου καί εἰς τό αἰώνιον νόημα τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ καί τοῦ κόσμου, δέν
εἶναι δυνατόν νά δοθῇ χωρίς μίαν πνευματικήν προσέγγισιν.
12. Διάχυτος εἶναι εἰς τήν ἐποχήν μας ὁ ἐνθουσιασμός
διά τάς ἐντυπωσιακάς ἐξελίξεις εἰς τόν χῶρον τῆς Βιολογίας, τῆς
Γενετικῆς καί τῆς Νευροφυσιολογίας τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου. Πρόκειται δι’
ἐπιστημονικάς κατακτήσεις, τό εὖρος τῶν ἐφαρμογῶν τῶν ὁποίων ἐνδέχεται
νά προκαλέσῃ σοβαρώτατα ἀνθρωπολογικά καί ἠθικά διλήμματα. Ἡ
ἀνεξέλεγκτος χρῆσις τῆς Βιοτεχνολογίας εἰς τήν ἀρχήν, τήν διάρκειαν καί
τό τέλος τῆς ζωῆς, θέτει εἰς κίνδυνον τήν αὐθεντικήν πληρότητα αὐτῆς.
Ὁ ἄνθρωπος πειραματίζεται ἐντονώτερον μέ τήν ἰδίαν του φύσιν κατά
ἀκραῖον καί ἐπικίνδυνον τρόπον. Κινδυνεύει νά μετατραπῇ εἰς μίαν
βιολογικήν μηχανήν, εἰς μίαν ἀπρόσωπον κοινωνικήν μονάδα ἤ εἰς μίαν
συσκευήν ἐλεγχομένης σκέψεως.
Ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Ἐκκλησία δέν εἶναι δυνατόν νά παραμείνῃ εἰς τό περιθώριον
τῆς συζητήσεως τόσον σπουδαίων ἀνθρωπολογικῶν, ἠθικῶν καί ὑπαρξιακῶν
ζητημάτων. Στηρίζεται εἰς θεοδίδακτα κριτήρια, ἀναδεικνύουσα τήν
ἐπικαιρότητα τῆς ὀρθοδόξου ἀνθρωπολογίας ἀπέναντι εἰς τήν σύγχρονον
ἀνατροπήν τῶν ἀξιῶν.Ἡ Ἐκκλησία ἡμῶν δύναται καί ὀφείλει νά ἐκφράσῃ ἐν τῷ
κόσμῳ τήν προφητικήν αὐτῆς συνείδησιν ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐν τῇ
Ἐνανθρωπήσει προσέλαβεν ὅλον τόν ἄνθρωπον καί εἶναι τό ἀπόλυτον πρότυπον
τῆς ἀνακαινίσεως τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους. Προβάλλει τήν ἱερότητα τῆς ζωῆς
καί τόν χαρακτῆρα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὡς προσώπου ἐξ αὐτῆς ταύτης τῆς ἀρχῆς
τῆς συλλήψεως. Τό δικαίωμα εἰς τήν γέννησιν εἶναι τό πρῶτον μεταξύ τῶν
ἀνθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων. Ἡ Ἐκκλησία ὡς θεανθρωπίνη κοινωνία, εἰς τήν
ὁποίαν ἕκαστος ἄνθρωπος ἀποτελεῖ μοναδικήν ὀντότητα, προωρισμένην εἰς
προσωπικήν κοινωνίαν μετά τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀντιστέκεται εἰς πᾶσαν προσπάθειαν
ἀντικειμενοποιήσεως τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, μετατροπῆς του εἰς μετρήσιμον μέγεθος.
Οὐδέν ἐπιστημονικόν ἐπίτευγμα ἐπιτρέπεται νά θίγῃ τήν ἀξιοπρέπειαν τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου καί τόν θεῖον προορισμόν αὐτοῦ. Ὁ ἄνθρωπος δέν προσδιορίζεται
μόνον ἀπό τά γονίδιά του.
Ἐπί τῆς βάσεως αὐτῆς θεμελιοῦται ἡ Βιοηθική ἐξ ἐπόψεως
ὀρθοδόξου. Εἰς μίαν ἐποχήν ἀλληλοσυγκρουομένων εἰκόνων περί τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου, ἡ ὀρθόδοξος Βιοηθική προβάλλει, ἀπέναντι εἰς θύραθεν
αὐτονόμους καί συρρικνωτικάς ἀνθρωπολογικάς θεωρήσεις, τήν κατ’ εἰκόνα
καί καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ δημιουργίαν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καί τόν αἰώνιον
προορισμόν αὐτοῦ. Συμβάλλει οὕτως εἰς τόν ἐμπλουτισμόν τῆς φιλοσοφικῆς
καί ἐπιστημονικῆς συζητήσεως τῶν βιοηθικῶν θεμάτων διά τῆς βιβλικῆς
ἀνθρωπολογίας καί τῆς πνευματικῆς ἐμπειρίας τῆς Ὀρθοδοξίας.
13. Εἰς μίαν παγκόσμιον κοινωνίαν, προσανατολισμένην
εἰς τό «ἔχειν» καί τόν ἀτομοκεντρισμόν, ἡ Ὀρθόδοξος Καθολική Ἐκκλησία
προβάλλει τήν ἀλήθειαν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ καί τῆς κατά Χριστόν ζωῆς, τήν
ἐλευθέρως σαρκουμένην εἰς τήν καθημερινήν ζωήν ἑκάστου ἀνθρώπου διά τῶν
ἔργων αὐτοῦ «ἕως ἑσπέρας» (Ψαλμ. ργ’, 23), διά τῶν ὁποίων οὗτος
καθίσταται συνεργός τοῦ αἰωνίου Πατρός – «Θεοῦ ἐσμεν συνεργοί»
(Α’ Κορ. γ‘, 9) – καί τοῦ Υἱοῦ Αὐτοῦ, «ὁ Πατήρ μου ἕως ἄρτι ἐργάζεται
κἀγώ ἐργάζομαι» (Ἰωάν. ε´, 17). Ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ ἁγιάζει διά τοῦ Ἁγίου
Πνεύματος τά ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ συνεργοῦντος τῷ Θεῷ ἀνθρώπου,
ἀναδεικνύοντας τήν ἐν αὐτοῖς κατάφασιν τῆς ζωῆς καί τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης
κοινωνίας. Ἐντός αὐτοῦ τοῦ πλαισίου τοποθετεῖται καί ἡ χριστιανική
ἄσκησις, διαφέρουσα ριζικῶς ἀπό κάθε δυϊστικόν ἀσκητισμόν, ὁ ὁποῖος
ἀποκόπτει τόν ἄνθρωπον ἀπό τήν ζωήν καί ἀπό τόν συνάνθρωπον. Ἡ χριστιανική ἄσκησις καί ἡ ἐγκράτεια,
αἱ ὁποῖαι συνδέουν τόν ἄνθρωπον μέ τήν μυστηριακήν ζωήν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας,
δέν ἀφοροῦν μόνον εἰς τόν μοναχικόν βίον, ἀλλά εἶναι χαρακτηριστικόν τῆς
ἐκκλησιαστικῆς ζωῆς εἰς ὅλας τάς ἐκφάνσεις αὐτῆς, ἁπτή μαρτυρία τῆς
παρουσίας τοῦ ἐσχατολογικοῦ πνεύματος εἰς τήν εὐλογημένην βιοτήν τῶν
πιστῶν.
14. Αἱ ρίζαι τῆς οἰκολογικῆς κρίσεως εἶναι πνευματικαί καί ἠθικαί,
ἐνδιάθετοι εἰς τήν καρδίαν ἑκάστου ἀνθρώπου. Αὐτή ἡ κρίσις ἐπιδεινοῦται
κατά τούς τελευταίους αἰῶνας ἐξ αἰτίας τῶν ποικίλων διχασμῶν
προκαλουμένων ἀπό ἀνθρώπινα πάθη, ὅπως ἡ πλεονεξία, ἡ ἀπληστία, ὁ
ἐγωισμός, ἡ ἁρπακτική διάθεσις καί ἀπό τάς ἐπιπτώσεις αὐτῶν ἐπί τοῦ
πλανήτου, ὡς ἡ κλιματική ἀλλαγή, ἡ ὁποία πλέον ἀπειλεῖ εἰς μεγάλον
βαθμόν τό φυσικόν περιβάλλον, τόν κοινόν ἡμῶν «οἶκον». Ἡ ρῆξις τῆς
σχέσεως ἀνθρώπου καί κτίσεως εἶναι διαστρέβλωσις τῆς αὐθεντικῆς χρήσεως
τῆς δημιουργίας τοῦ Θεοῦ. Ἡ ἀντιμετώπισις τοῦ οἰκολογικοῦ προβλήματος
ἐπί τῇ βάσει τῶν ἀρχῶν τῆς χριστιανικῆς παραδόσεως ἀπαιτεῖ ὄχι μόνον
μετάνοιαν διά τήν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς ἐκμεταλλεύσεως τῶν φυσικῶν πόρων τοῦ
πλανήτου, ἤτοι ριζικήν ἀλλαγήν νοοτροπίας καί συμπεριφορᾶς, ἀλλά καί
ἀσκητισμόν, ὡς ἀντίδοτον εἰς τόν καταναλωτισμόν, εἰς τήν θεοποίησιν τῶν
ἀναγκῶν καί εἰς τήν κτητικήν στάσιν. Προϋποθέτει ἐπίσης καί τήν μεγίστην
εὐθύνην ἡμῶν νά παραδώσωμεν εἰς τάς ἐπερχομένας γενεάς βιώσιμον φυσικόν
περιβάλλον καί τήν χρῆσιν αὐτοῦ κατά θείαν βούλησιν καί εὐλογίαν. Εἰς
τά μυστήρια τῆς Ἐκκλησίας καταφάσκεται ἡ δημιουργία καί ὁ ἄνθρωπος
ἐνδυναμώνεται διά νά λειτουργῇ ὡς οἰκονόμος, φύλαξ καί «ἱερεύς» αὐτῆς,
προσάγων ταύτην δοξολογικῶς τῷ Δημιουργῷ – «Τά Σά ἐκ τῶν Σῶν, Σοί
προσφέρομεν κατά πάντα καί διά πάντα» – καί καλλιεργῶν εὐχαριστιακήν
σχέσιν μέ τήν κτίσιν. Ἡ ὀρθόδοξος αὐτή εὐαγγελική καί πατερική
προσέγγισις στρέφει ἐπίσης τήν προσοχήν μας εἰς τάς κοινωνικάς
διαστάσεις καί τάς τραγικάς ἐπιπτώσεις τῆς καταστροφῆς τοῦ φυσικοῦ
περιβάλλοντος.
V. The Church in the face of contemporary challenges
10. The Church of Christ today finds herself confronted by extreme or even provocative expressions of the ideology of secularization, inherent in political, cultural and social developments. A basic element of the ideology of secularization has ever been and continues to be the full autonomy of man from Christ and from the spiritual influence of the Church, by the arbitrary identification of the Church with conservatism and by the historically unjustified characterization of the Church as an alleged impediment to all progress and development. In contemporary secularized societies, man, cut off from God, identifies his freedom and the meaning of his life with absolute autonomy and with release from his eternal destiny, resulting in a series of misunderstandings and deliberate misinterpretations of the Christian tradition. The bestowal on man from above of freedom in Christ and his advancement “to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ” (Eph 4.13) is thus seen to go against man’s tendencies for self-salvation. Christ’s sacrificial love is regarded as incompatible with individualism while the ascetic character of the Christian ethos is judged as an unbearable challenge to the happiness of the individual.
The identification of the Church with conservatism, incompatible with the advancement of civilization, is arbitrary and improper, since the consciousness of the identity of the Christian peoples bears the indelible imprint of the diachronic contribution of the Church, not only in their cultural heritage, but also in the healthy development of secular civilization more generally, since God placed man as steward of the divine creation and as a co-worker with Him in the world. The Orthodox Church sets against the “man-god’ of the contemporary world the ‘God-man’ as the ultimate measure of all things. “We do not speak of a man who has been deified, but of God who has become man” (John of Damascus, An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith iii, 2 PG 94.988). The Church reveals the saving truth of the God-man and His body, the Church, as the locus and mode of life in freedom, “speaking the truth in love” (cf. Eph 4.15), and as participation even now on earth in the life of the resurrected Christ. The divine-human character [“not of the world” (John 18.36)] of the Church, which nourishes and guides her presence and witness “in the world,” is incompatible with any kind of conformation of the Church to the world (cf. Rom 12.2).
11. Through the contemporary development of science and technology, our life is changing radically. And what brings about a change in the life of man demands discernment on his part, since, apart from significant benefits, such as the facilitation of everyday life, the successful treatment of serious diseases and space exploration, we are also confronted with the negative consequences of scientific progress. The dangers are the manipulation of human freedom, the use of man as a simple means, the gradual loss of precious traditions, and threats to, or even the destruction of, the natural environment.
Unfortunately, science, by its very nature, does not possess the necessary means to prevent or address many of the problems it creates directly or indirectly. Scientific knowledge does not motivate man’s moral will, and even though aware of the dangers, he continues to act as if unaware of them. The answer to man’s serious existential and moral problems and to the eternal meaning of his life and of the world cannot be given without a spiritual approach.
12. In our age, there is a very prevalent enthusiasm for the impressive developments in the fields of Biology, Genetics and Neurophysiology. These represent scientific advances, the wide-ranging applications of which will, in all likelihood, create serious anthropological and moral dilemmas. The uncontrolled use of biotechnology at the beginning, during, and at the end of life, endangers its authentic fullness. Man is experimenting ever more intensively with his own very nature in an extreme and dangerous way. He is in danger of being turned into a biological machine, into an impersonal social unit or into a mechanical device of controlled thought.
The Orthodox Church cannot remain on the sidelines of discussions about such momentous anthropological, ethical and existential matters. She rests firmly on divinely taught criteria and reveals the relevance of Orthodox anthropology in the face of the contemporary overturning of values. Our Church can and must express in the world her prophetic consciousness in Christ Jesus, who with His Incarnation assumed the whole man and is the ultimate prototype for the renewal of the human race. She projects the sacredness of life and man’s character as a person from the very moment of conception. The right to be born is the first of human rights. The Church as a divine-human society, in which each human constitutes a unique being destined for personal communion with God, and she resists every attempt to objectify man, to turn him into a measurable quantity. No scientific achievement is permitted to compromise man’s dignity and his divine destination. Man is not defined only by his genes.
Bioethics from an Orthodox point of view is founded on this basis. At a time of conflicting images of man, Orthodox bioethics, in opposition to secular autonomous and reductionist anthropological views, insists on man’s creation in God’s image and likeness and his eternal destiny. The Church thus contributes to the enrichment of the philosophical and scientific discussion of bioethical questions through her scriptural anthropology and the spiritual experience of Orthodoxy.
13. In a global society, oriented towards ‘having’ and individualism, the Orthodox Catholic Church presents the truth of life in and according to Christ, the truth freely made incarnate in the everyday life of each man through his works “till evening” (Ps 103), through which he is made co-worker of the eternal Father [“We are co-workers with God” (1 Cor 3.9)] and of His Son [“My Father is working still, and I am working” (John 5.17)]. The grace of God sanctifies in the Holy Spirit the works of the hands of the man who works together with God, revealing the affirmation in them of life and of human society. Christian asceticism is to be placed within this framework; this differs radically from all dualistic asceticism that severs man from life and from his fellow man. Christian asceticism and the exercise of self-restraint, which connect man with the sacramental life of the Church, do not concern only the monastic life, but are characteristic of ecclesial life in all its manifestations, as a tangible witness to the presence of the eschatological spirit in the blessed life of the faithful.
14. The roots of the ecological crisis are spiritual and ethical, inhering within the heart of each man. This crisis has become more acute in recent centuries on account of the various divisions provoked by human passions – such as greed, avarice, egotism and the insatiable desire for more – and by their consequences for the planet, as with climate change, which now threatens to a large extent the natural environment, our common “home”. The rupture in the relationship between man and creation is a perversion of the authentic use of God’s creation. The approach to the ecological problem on the basis of the principles of the Christian tradition demands not only repentance for the sin of the exploitation of the natural resources of the planet, namely, a radical change in mentality and behavior, but also asceticism as an antidote to consumerism, the deification of needs and the acquisitive attitude. It also presupposes our greatest responsibility to hand down a viable natural environment to future generations and to use it according to divine will and blessing. In the sacraments of the Church, creation is affirmed and man is encouraged to act as a steward, protector and “priest” of creation, offering it by way of doxology to the Creator – “Your own of your own we offer to You in all and for all” – and cultivating a Eucharistic relationship with creation. This Orthodox, Gospel and Patristic approach also turns our attention to the social dimensions and the tragic consequences of the destruction of the natural environment.
10. The Church of Christ today finds herself confronted by extreme or even provocative expressions of the ideology of secularization, inherent in political, cultural and social developments. A basic element of the ideology of secularization has ever been and continues to be the full autonomy of man from Christ and from the spiritual influence of the Church, by the arbitrary identification of the Church with conservatism and by the historically unjustified characterization of the Church as an alleged impediment to all progress and development. In contemporary secularized societies, man, cut off from God, identifies his freedom and the meaning of his life with absolute autonomy and with release from his eternal destiny, resulting in a series of misunderstandings and deliberate misinterpretations of the Christian tradition. The bestowal on man from above of freedom in Christ and his advancement “to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ” (Eph 4.13) is thus seen to go against man’s tendencies for self-salvation. Christ’s sacrificial love is regarded as incompatible with individualism while the ascetic character of the Christian ethos is judged as an unbearable challenge to the happiness of the individual.
The identification of the Church with conservatism, incompatible with the advancement of civilization, is arbitrary and improper, since the consciousness of the identity of the Christian peoples bears the indelible imprint of the diachronic contribution of the Church, not only in their cultural heritage, but also in the healthy development of secular civilization more generally, since God placed man as steward of the divine creation and as a co-worker with Him in the world. The Orthodox Church sets against the “man-god’ of the contemporary world the ‘God-man’ as the ultimate measure of all things. “We do not speak of a man who has been deified, but of God who has become man” (John of Damascus, An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith iii, 2 PG 94.988). The Church reveals the saving truth of the God-man and His body, the Church, as the locus and mode of life in freedom, “speaking the truth in love” (cf. Eph 4.15), and as participation even now on earth in the life of the resurrected Christ. The divine-human character [“not of the world” (John 18.36)] of the Church, which nourishes and guides her presence and witness “in the world,” is incompatible with any kind of conformation of the Church to the world (cf. Rom 12.2).
11. Through the contemporary development of science and technology, our life is changing radically. And what brings about a change in the life of man demands discernment on his part, since, apart from significant benefits, such as the facilitation of everyday life, the successful treatment of serious diseases and space exploration, we are also confronted with the negative consequences of scientific progress. The dangers are the manipulation of human freedom, the use of man as a simple means, the gradual loss of precious traditions, and threats to, or even the destruction of, the natural environment.
Unfortunately, science, by its very nature, does not possess the necessary means to prevent or address many of the problems it creates directly or indirectly. Scientific knowledge does not motivate man’s moral will, and even though aware of the dangers, he continues to act as if unaware of them. The answer to man’s serious existential and moral problems and to the eternal meaning of his life and of the world cannot be given without a spiritual approach.
12. In our age, there is a very prevalent enthusiasm for the impressive developments in the fields of Biology, Genetics and Neurophysiology. These represent scientific advances, the wide-ranging applications of which will, in all likelihood, create serious anthropological and moral dilemmas. The uncontrolled use of biotechnology at the beginning, during, and at the end of life, endangers its authentic fullness. Man is experimenting ever more intensively with his own very nature in an extreme and dangerous way. He is in danger of being turned into a biological machine, into an impersonal social unit or into a mechanical device of controlled thought.
The Orthodox Church cannot remain on the sidelines of discussions about such momentous anthropological, ethical and existential matters. She rests firmly on divinely taught criteria and reveals the relevance of Orthodox anthropology in the face of the contemporary overturning of values. Our Church can and must express in the world her prophetic consciousness in Christ Jesus, who with His Incarnation assumed the whole man and is the ultimate prototype for the renewal of the human race. She projects the sacredness of life and man’s character as a person from the very moment of conception. The right to be born is the first of human rights. The Church as a divine-human society, in which each human constitutes a unique being destined for personal communion with God, and she resists every attempt to objectify man, to turn him into a measurable quantity. No scientific achievement is permitted to compromise man’s dignity and his divine destination. Man is not defined only by his genes.
Bioethics from an Orthodox point of view is founded on this basis. At a time of conflicting images of man, Orthodox bioethics, in opposition to secular autonomous and reductionist anthropological views, insists on man’s creation in God’s image and likeness and his eternal destiny. The Church thus contributes to the enrichment of the philosophical and scientific discussion of bioethical questions through her scriptural anthropology and the spiritual experience of Orthodoxy.
13. In a global society, oriented towards ‘having’ and individualism, the Orthodox Catholic Church presents the truth of life in and according to Christ, the truth freely made incarnate in the everyday life of each man through his works “till evening” (Ps 103), through which he is made co-worker of the eternal Father [“We are co-workers with God” (1 Cor 3.9)] and of His Son [“My Father is working still, and I am working” (John 5.17)]. The grace of God sanctifies in the Holy Spirit the works of the hands of the man who works together with God, revealing the affirmation in them of life and of human society. Christian asceticism is to be placed within this framework; this differs radically from all dualistic asceticism that severs man from life and from his fellow man. Christian asceticism and the exercise of self-restraint, which connect man with the sacramental life of the Church, do not concern only the monastic life, but are characteristic of ecclesial life in all its manifestations, as a tangible witness to the presence of the eschatological spirit in the blessed life of the faithful.
14. The roots of the ecological crisis are spiritual and ethical, inhering within the heart of each man. This crisis has become more acute in recent centuries on account of the various divisions provoked by human passions – such as greed, avarice, egotism and the insatiable desire for more – and by their consequences for the planet, as with climate change, which now threatens to a large extent the natural environment, our common “home”. The rupture in the relationship between man and creation is a perversion of the authentic use of God’s creation. The approach to the ecological problem on the basis of the principles of the Christian tradition demands not only repentance for the sin of the exploitation of the natural resources of the planet, namely, a radical change in mentality and behavior, but also asceticism as an antidote to consumerism, the deification of needs and the acquisitive attitude. It also presupposes our greatest responsibility to hand down a viable natural environment to future generations and to use it according to divine will and blessing. In the sacraments of the Church, creation is affirmed and man is encouraged to act as a steward, protector and “priest” of creation, offering it by way of doxology to the Creator – “Your own of your own we offer to You in all and for all” – and cultivating a Eucharistic relationship with creation. This Orthodox, Gospel and Patristic approach also turns our attention to the social dimensions and the tragic consequences of the destruction of the natural environment.